基于Budyko假设的沂河流域径流变化归因识别

气候变化和人类活动是导致径流变化的主要原因,因此计算气候变化和人类活动对沂河流域径流变化的贡献率可为缓解沂河流域水资源紧张提供一定的参考依据。以山东省沂河流域为研究对象,基于1960—2016年的气温、风速、降水和流量等水文气象数据,首先采用Mann-Kendall、有序聚类分析法和累积平距法分析降水量及径流量的变化趋势及突变点,最后采用Budyko水热耦合平衡方程,定量计算了气候变化和人类活动对径流变化的贡献率。结果表明：1960—2016年沂河流域年径流深呈现显著减小趋势,且在1975年和2003年发生突变,因此将径流序列分为1960—1975年(基准期),1976—2003年(变化期Ⅰ)和2004—2016年(变化期Ⅱ)3个阶段。基于Budyko水热耦合平衡方程计算变化期Ⅰ和变化期Ⅱ中降水、潜在蒸散发和下垫面对径流变化的贡献率,发现导致沂河流域变化期Ⅰ径流减少的主要原因是下垫面条件和降水的改变,贡献率分别为51.42%,49.43%,潜在蒸散发的减少导致径流增加,贡献率为-0.85%;导致变化期Ⅱ径流减少的最主要原因是下垫面条件的改变,占73.11%,其次是降水,贡献率为42.5...     

近80年来北洛河流域径流变化特征及其归因分析

为了探究北洛河流域径流变化特征及其驱动因子,对流域治理规划和生态环境建设提供科学依据,基于北洛河流域1937—2018年径流数据,采用现代数理统计方法对径流特征进行了分析,并结合1952—2019年气象资料分析了气候变化对径流的影响。通过降水—径流双累积曲线法定量分析了气候变化和人类活动对径流变化的贡献率。结果表明：北洛河流域1937—2018年年均径流量显著减少(p<0.01),在1970年、1994年发生突变,且存在54 a的主周期变化。1956—2019年北洛河流域降水变化趋势不显著(p>0.05),气温显著增加(p<0.01),气候变化对北洛河径流量起到减小作用。与1957—1970年相比,1971—1994,1995—2018年人类活动对于径流减少的贡献率分别高达92%和97%,人类活动是使北洛河径流量发生减少和突变的关键因子。     

生物炭对和田风沙土水力特性的影响

为探究生物炭的施入量对和田风沙土水力特性的影响,设置了5个生物炭施用量处理,质量比(生物炭质量/干土质量)分别为0%(CK)、4%(T1)、8%(T2)、12%(T3)、16%(T4),利用离心机法获取土壤水分与吸力关系,定水头法获得饱和土壤导水率,通过VG-M组合模型拟合土壤水分特征曲线,探究生物炭对风沙土持水性、土壤水分有效性、释水性和导水规律的影响。结果表明:生物炭显著影响了风沙土的持水特性,改变了其孔隙分布规律,对VG模型参数θ_s、θ_r、α、n均有不同程度的影响。随着生物炭的增加,田间持水量(体积含水量)由19.42%增加到30.64%,全有效水含量由18.15%增加到25.63%,萎蔫系数由1.27%增加到5.01%,饱和导水率平均降低80.93%,各处理的比水容量在PF=1.8～3.8(土壤水吸力对数值)阶段为T3T4T2T1CK,在相同的土壤含水量下各处理的非饱和导水率表现为CKT1T2T3T4,毛管孔隙比例与生物炭用量呈二次函数趋势变化。生物炭能够改善风沙土的孔隙结构,增大其有效水分含量,减小其入渗速率。从土壤水力特性角度出发,利用生物炭改良和田风沙土生物炭适宜的施入量为12%。     

海南昌江县濒危药用植物的种群动态

对昌江县的4种濒危药用植物进行调查,分析其大小级结构、静态生命表及存活曲线特征。结果表明:白木香(Aquilaria sinensis)和野龙眼(Dimocarpus longan)种群属于增长型,海南龙血树(Dracaena cambodiana)种群属于衰退型,野荔枝(Litchi chinensis)种群属于稳定型。白木香和野荔枝种群的存活曲线接近DeeveyⅡ型,海南龙血树种群接近DeeveyⅠ型,野龙眼种群接近DeeveyⅢ型。结合静态生命表的分析,整体上白木香和野龙眼种群表现为增长型、海南龙血树种群表现为衰退型、而野荔枝种群表现为稳定型。野生濒危药用植物的生存环境较差,人为干扰明显,需要进行必要的保护。     

Growth performance of the rotifers Brachionus plicatilis, B. ‘Nevada’ and B. ‘Cayman’ under different food concentrations

Numerical response experiments were conducted using three strains of the Brachionus plicatilis species complex. They are commonly used in aquaculture, and could also coexist in nature although this has not been studied yet. Brachionus plicatilis sensu stricto (s.s.), B. ‘Cayman’ and B. ‘Nevada’ were cultured at different concentrations of Nannochloropsis oculata (0-40 mg C l^− 1). Growth rate, egg female ratio (EF), fecundity and percentage of ovigerous females were determined at each food concentration. From the growth rate and EF, the egg development time and mortality rate were estimated using the Paloheimo equation. Monod curves with a threshold for zero growth described the relationship between growth rate and food concentration. The three strains had different growth rates at low (< 0.04 mg C l^− 1) and high (> 5.0 mg C l^− 1) food concentrations, but were similar at intermediate food levels. B. ‘Cayman’ had the highest maximum growth rate (1.57 ± 0.07 d^− 1), whereas B. plicatilis s.s. had the less negative minimum growth rate and the highest maximum EF (0.96 ± 0.02 eggs ind^− 1). These differences were attributed to the lowest egg development time of B. ‘Cayman’ (5.95 ± 0.24 h) and the higher starvation resistance of B. plicatilis s.s. (84 ± 12 h), respectively. B. ‘Nevada’ was the inferior competitor at high and low food concentrations due to the higher investment in body growth rather than reproduction. The outcome of competition in hatcheries is predicted to favor B. ‘Cayman’ under high food concentrations, whereas the three species may coexist under moderate food limitation.     

若尔盖地区主要覆被类型浅层土壤持水量和有机碳关系研究

为探究若尔盖地区浅层土壤持水量和有机碳关系,以若尔盖地区主要覆被类型(沼泽化草甸、非沼泽化草甸和天然林地)浅层(0～20 cm)土壤为研究对象,分析其有机碳和水分特征,探究土壤有机碳含量和最大持水量关系.结果表明:3种覆被类型浅层土壤总孔隙度、最大持水量和有机碳含量均存在明显差异,其中,沼泽化草甸土壤最大持水量最高(2...     

Determination of chemical transport properties for different textures of undisturbed soils

Agrichemicals usually contaminate groundwater via preferential flow, therefore determination of the preferential flow characteristics of soil is needed. One model that predicts solute transport due to preferential flow is the mobile–immobile (MIM) solute-transport model, which partitions total water content (θ; m³ m^?3) into mobile (θ_m) and immobile fractions (θ_im). In undisturbed soils, a method is proposed for determining the MIM model parameters, i.e. immobile water fraction (θ_im), mass transfer coefficient (α) and hydrodynamic dispersion coefficient (D _h). Breakthrough curves were obtained for five different soil textures in three replicates, by miscible displacement of Cl^? in undisturbed soil columns. Cl^? breakthrough curves were evaluated in terms of the MIM model. Analysis suggests that the values of D _h and α increased with lighter soil textures and θ_im increased with heavier soil textures. The values of θ_im ranged from 5.31 to 14.28% in different soil textures. Furthermore, values of θ_im were found to be related to soil clay content. Values of α ranged from 0.0257 to 0.32 h^?1 and values of D _h ranged from 0.36 to 11.2 cm² h^?1 in different soil textures. A significant linear correlation was obtained between α, θ_im, D _h and soil saturated hydraulic conductivity (K _s) and pore water velocity (v). A multivariate pedotransfer function was developed to estimate α, θ_im and D _h based on the geometric mean (d _g) and the standard deviation (σ_g) of the diameter of soil particles and soil organic matter content. The pedotransfer functions for D _h, θ_im and α were validated by independent data sets from other investigators.     

Zum Einfluss langjährig differenzierter Kaliumdüngung auf Parameter des Bodenwasserhaushaltes

Using soil samples from 15 field trials of long term-differences in potassium fertilization from sites in Germany, the Czech Republic and Hungary, we conducted a laboratory analysis to measure the effects of potassium fetilization on soil potassium content, water-retention functions and crop growth parameters such as field capacity, permanent wilting point and available water content. The different soil water parameters showed a specific response to potassium fertilization and strong interactions with a number of soil characteristics. Higher water content, caused by an increase in potassium, was measured in low water retention below pF 3.0 and only in a few cases with pF 4.2. The strongest response to long-term differences in potassium fertilization on field capacity and available water content were detected for sandy soils. This effect decreased with increased clay content. In sandy soils, the response to potassium fertilization was mediated by an increase in soil organic carbon (TOC). In soils with a high silt content from Bad Lauchstädt and Bonn only minute effects of TOC on the water-holding capacity were measured. The effect of potassium on the various water-retention parameters in soils was strongly affected by TOC of the particular soil. Thus, the potassium-mediated increase in the field capacity of soils with a low TOC from the experimental site in Bonn (1.05 M% TOC) with almost 1.2 Vol% was almost twice as high as for the site in Bad Lauchstädt, which is characterized by a TOC of 1.97 M%. We hypothesize that these interactions are responsible for the substantial increase in available water content following increased potassium in clay soil with a low TOC in Putnok (Hungary).     

近50a嘉陵江流域径流变化特征及影响因素

利用Mann-Kendall秩次相关趋势检验和累计平均滤波器及Mann-Kendall突变点检验,对嘉陵江流域北碚、亭子口、武都和武胜4个水文站1960-2009年的年径流数据分析得出,4个水文站年径流量均存在显著的减少趋势,且均于1991年前后存在突变点.对流域4个水文站的基准期与措施期建立降雨一径流双累积曲线方程,分析计算得出20世纪90年代人类活动和降雨对径流减少的影响程度基本相当,只有武都站人类活动影响程度稍高.     

沟道土地整治对不同植被覆盖流域CN值的影响

[目的] 探究黄土丘陵沟壑区沟道土地整治后流域径流曲线数的变化规律,寻求合适的产流参数,为该区沟道土地整治工程安全和巩固生态建设成果提供科学支撑。[方法] 基于流域实体比尺模型分析不同植被覆盖条件下沟道土地整治对流域径流曲线数的影响。[结果] 同一植被覆盖度下,流域径流曲线数随着整治比例的增大而减小;与未整治流域相比,整治比例为20%时的流域径流曲线数减小了6.77;就分段整治比例而言,流域径流曲线数的减小速率随着整治比例的增大呈先增大后减小的趋势,整治比例由0.5%增大至5%时减小速率最大;不同植被覆盖度下,流域径流曲线数均随着整治比例的增大而减小,植被覆盖度为50%时沟道土地整治后流域径流曲线数的减小速率最大;植被覆盖度对沟道土地整治区域的径流曲线数影响显著,同一整治比例下,植被覆盖度每增大1%,沟道土地整治区域的径流曲线数减小0.22。[结论] 沟道土地整治可以改变流域下垫面,对径流曲线数影响显著。